Meter Dipole
Non-trivial physics question – electricity and magnetism?
How much force is required to flip the dipole moment of a water molecule as it interacts with a charged surface (electrode) ? The potential gradient can be as high as 10^10 volts per meter at an electrode surface, this can easily orient water dipoles, but how can this be measured as a ‘Force’ that acts on the water as opposed to just an electrical field?
The answer, not surprising, is also non-trivial. Assume the electric field (potential gradient) is uniform in the region of interest. Make a simplified model of the water molecule: a slight positive charge centered on the oxygen nucleus and a slight negative charge centered on each hydrogen nucleus. Use Coulomb’s Law (see reference) to calculate the force vector on each of the three charges from the elctric field. If the field is pulling the positive charge up, it is pulling the negative charges down.
It isn’t a flip. You’re just applying a force on each molecule, encouraging it to align in a particular direction. An isolated water molecule in a gas is moving linearly and rotating. You are applying a force and influencing that motion. A water molecule in liquid water is also influenced by the hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules. Your electric field is competing with these other strong forces. It’s even harder to coax water molecules in ice out of their stable, quiet resting places, since they’re in equilibrium with their neighbors and just vibrating gently.
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SWISS DIPOLE – - 10 12 15 17 20 meter – - Ham Radio HF Antenna $20.70 |
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SWISS DIPOLE – - 10 12 15 17 20 meter – - Ham Radio HF Antenna $20.70 |
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SWISS DIPOLE – - 10 12 15 17 20 meter – - Ham Radio HF Antenna $20.70 |
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Area to Area Lee Model
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Lee Model for Area-to-Area Mode is a Radio propagation model that operates around 900 MHz. Built as two different modes, this model includes an adjustment factor that can be adjusted to make the model more flexible to different regions of propagation.
Contents
Applicable to/under conditions
This model is suitable for using in data collected in a specific area. The model predicts the behaviour of all links that has ends in specific areas.
Coverage
Frequency: 900 MHz Band
Mathematical formulation
The model
The Lee Model is formally expressed as:
where,
L = The median path loss. Unit: decibel (dB)
L0 = The reference path loss along 1 km. Unit: decibel] (dB)
= The slope of the path loss curve. Unit: decibels per decade
d = The distance on which the path loss is to be calculated.
FA = Adjustment factor.
Calculation of reference path loss
The reference path loss is usually computed along a 1 km or 1 mile link. Any other suitable length of path can be chosen based on the applications.
where,
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi)
? = Wavelength. Unit: meter (m).
GM = Mobile station antenna gain. Unit: Decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi).
Calculation of adjustment factors
The adjustment factor is calculated as:
where,
FBH = Base station antenna height correction factor.
FBG = Base station antenna gain correction factor.
FMH = Mobile station antenna height correction factor.
FMG = Mobile station antenna gain correction factor.
FF = Frequency correction factor
The base station antenna height correction factor
where,
hB = Base station antenna height. Unit: meter (m).
or
where,
hB = Base station antenna height. Unit: foot (ft).
The base station antenna gain correction factor
where,
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to half wave dipole antenna (dBd)
The mobile station antenna height correction factor:
where,
hM = Mobile station antenna height. Unit: meter(m).
The mobile antenna gain correction factor
where,
GM = Mobile station antenna gain. Unit: Decibel with respect to half wave dipole antenna (dBd).
The frequency correction factor
where,
f = Frequency. Unit: megahertz (MHz)
See also
Hata Model for Urban Areas
Hata Model for Suburban Areas
Hata Model for Open Areas
Okumura Model for Urban Areas
COST 231 Model
Young Model
Point to Point Lee Model
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QEX — The July/August Issue
The July/August issue of QEX is coming soon, and it is full of theoretical and practical technical articles that you won’t want to miss. QEX is the ARRL’s “Forum for Communications Experimenters.” Published bimonthly, it features technical articles, columns and other items of interest to radio amateurs and communications professionals. The mission of QEX is threefold: To provide a medium for th…
